RIP, Microsoft Paint. MS Paint, the first app you used for editing images, will probably be killed off in future updates of Windows 1. IMG_9932-1024x682.jpg?1831' alt='Pleasures U Like Ra Ra Ra' title='Pleasures U Like Ra Ra Ra' />Paint 3. D. Microsoft lists the 3. Windows 1. 0s next autumn update, a little X marking the end of an era. The app is certainly a relic, from a time when the casual computer user couldnt crack open Photoshop or Skitch or Pixelmator or thousands of web apps. MS Paint cant save image components as layers or vectors its for making flat static images only. It doesnt smooth lines or guess at your best intentions. It does what you tell it and nothing more, faithfully representing the herky jerky motion of drawing freehand with a computer mouse. Leaf Ranger is a fanfiction author that has written 15 stories for Naruto, Lord of the Rings, Harry Potter, Dead Space, TransformersBeast Wars, Legend of Zelda. Working with headphones on usually means youd rather not be bothered, but sometimes it means youre just listening to something while you work. If you want to be. If youve been a seeker of alternative cures for any length of time, Im sure youve come across many secret health information books that claim to have the. Its from a time before touch, a time before trackpads. As more sophisticated options appeared, Paints janky aesthetic became a conscious choice. Paint became the metonym for that aesthetic, even if an image was actually created in another app. TV Tropes lists major limitations that came to define a certain look the wobbly freehand lines, awkward color handling, and inappropriate export settings that give Paint its distinctive look. In 2. 01. 4, Gawkers Sam Biddle noted Paints influence on conspiracy theory images, calling the form Chart Brut. In amateur detectives attempts at identifying the Boston Marathon bombers, the simplicity and jaggedness of Paint evokes the crazy wall aesthetic of red string and scribbled notes, apparently without irony. The same year, internet historian Patrick Davison explored Paints influence on the last decade of meme culture, particularly Rage Comics. The outsider art aesthetic feels appropriate to the relatable everyday content, and makes the art form unthreatening. Of course, Paint offered a few features to smooth things out, like the circle and line tools and the fill tool, all used in the stoner comics of the early 1. Crucially, those circles still had jagged curves. The bright colors of stoner comics are flat, as MS Paint didnt support gradients without an elaborate hack. Contrast those pixellated lines with the slick, stylish face from this art tutorial This slickness is built into Paints successor, Paint 3. D. From the moment you start sketching, Paint 3. D smooths out your art. It also supports automatic selection tools and content aware fill to rival Photoshops. By automatically improving art, Paint 3. D hides the process behind the image. Paints sloppiness is probably why rage comics got so popular. Looking at a rage comic, you can tell exactly how it was drawn, and how you might draw one yourself. By delivering exactly what the artist draws, MS Paint forms an image that the viewer can mentally reverse engineer and imitate. Unless you go absolutely nuts with it. Reddit user Toweringhorizon painstakingly assembled the drawing To a Little Radio using MS Paint tools like the oil brush, stretching the medium while maintaining a pixelated look. Its one of the top submissions to MS Paint subreddit, a beautiful collaborative art gallery. Scrolling through this art feels like flipping through the sketchbook of the most artistic kid in high school. Theres an accepted roughness, a desired minimalism. For example, the exquisite raindrops in the work above are reflected in a flat, featureless tabletop. Like a transistor radio, Paint might be showing its age, but this tenacious little gadget should not be underestimated. To a Little Radio doesnt even come close to testing Paints limits. As we say goodbye to the app that shaped an era, let us watch this bizarrely soundtracked time lapse of drawing Santa Claus in MS Paint on Windows 7 over the course of 5. We can only believe this is real because faking it would be even harder. Caliphate Wikipedia. A caliphate Arabic khilfa is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward known as a caliph, Arabic khalfah,  pronunciation helpinfo, a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet. Muhammad Muhammad ibn Abdullh and a leader of the entire Muslim community. Historically, the caliphates were polities based in Islam which developed into multi ethnic trans national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates existed the Rashidun Caliphate 6. Umayyad Caliphate 6. Abbasid Caliphate 7. The fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, established by the Ottoman Empire in 1. Ottoman rulers claimed caliphal authority. During the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all of them hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates. Prior to the rise of Muhammad and the unification of the Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam, the tribes of Arabia followed a pre Islamic Arab polytheism, lived as self governing sedentary and nomadic communities and often raided their neighbouring tribes. Following the conquests under Muhammad of the Arabian Peninsula, the region became unified and most of the tribes adopted Islam. The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was established immediately after Muhammads death in 6. The four Rashidun caliphs, who directly succeeded Muhammad as leaders of the Muslim community, were chosen through shura, a process of community consultation that some consider to be an early form of Islamic democracy. The fourth caliph, Ali, who, unlike the prior three, was from the same clan as Muhammad Banu Hashim, is considered by Shia Muslims to be the first rightful caliph and Imam after Muhammad. Ali reigned during the First Fitna 6. Ali and supporters of the assassinated previous caliph, Uthman, from Banu Umayya, as well as rebels in Egypt the war led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate under Muawiyah I in 6. The second caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate was ruled by Banu Umayya, a Meccan clan with descent from Muhammads great great grandfather. The caliphate continued the Arab conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula Al Andalus into the Muslim world. The caliphate had considerable acceptance of the Christians within its territory, necessitated by their large numbers, especially in the region of Syria. Following the Abbasid Revolution from 7. Arab Muslim disenfranchisement, the Abbasid Caliphate was established in 7. The third caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate was ruled by the Abbasids, a dynasty of Meccan origin which descended from Hashim, a great grandfather of Muhammad, making them part of Banu Hashim, via Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad, hence the name. Caliph al Mansur founded its second capital of Baghdad in 7. Islamic Golden Age. From the 1. 0th century, Abbasid rule became confined to an area around Baghdad. From 9. 45 to 1. 15. Abbasid Caliphate came under Buyid and then Seljuq military control. In 1. 25. 0, a non Arab army created by the Abbasids called the Mamlukscame to power in Egypt. In 1. 25. 8, the Mongol Empiresacked Baghdad, ending the Abbasid Caliphate, and in 1. Mamluks in Egypt re established the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo. Though lacking in political power, the Abbasid dynasty continued to claim authority in religious matters until the Ottoman conquest of Mamluk Egypt in 1. The fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, was established after their conquest of Mamluk Egypt in 1. The conquest gave the Ottomans control over the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, previously controlled by the Mamluks. The Ottomans gradually came to be viewed as the de facto leaders and representatives of the Islamic world. Following their defeat in World War I, their empire was partitioned by Britain and France, and on 3 March 1. President of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, as part of his reforms, constitutionally abolished the institution of the caliphate. Several other states that existed through history have called themselves caliphates, including the Ismaili Shia. Fatimid Caliphate in Northeast Africa 9. Umayyad Caliphate of Crdoba in Iberia 9. Peliculas Mexicanas Para Descargar Rapidshare. Berber. Almohad Caliphate in Morocco 1. Fula. Sokoto Caliphate in present day northern Nigeria 1. The Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives. Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an Imam chosen by God from the Ahl al Bayt the Family of the House, Muhammads direct descendants. In simpler terms, the Sunni favour election while the Shia favour bloodline. EtymologyeditBefore the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title malik King, ruler, or another from the same root. The term caliph ,1. Arabic word khalfah,  pronunciation helpinfo, which means successor, steward, or deputy and has traditionally been considered a shortening of Khalifat Rasul Allah successor of the messenger of God. However, studies of pre Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was successor selected by God. Rashidun Caliphate 6. Succession to MuhammadeditIn his book The Early Islamic Conquests 1. Fred Donner argues that the standard Arabian practice at the time was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leaders death and elect a leader from amongst themselves. There was no specified procedure for this shura or consultation. Candidates were usually, but not necessarily, from the same lineage as the deceased leader. Capable men who would lead well were preferred over an ineffectual heir. Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was chosen by the community and that this was the proper procedure. Sunnis further argue that a caliph should ideally be chosen by election or community consensus. The Shia believe that Ali, the son in law and cousin of Muhammad, was chosen by Muhammad as his spiritual and temporal successor as the Mawla the Imam and the Caliph of all Muslims in the event of Ghadir Khumm. Here Mohammad called upon the around 1. Ali in his very presence and thenceforth to proclaim the good news of Alis succession to his Muhammads leadership to all Muslims they should come across. The caliph was often known as Amir al Muminin Arabic Commander of the Believers. Muhammad established his capital in Medina after he died, it remained the capital during the Rashidun Caliphate, before Kufa was reportedly made the capital by Caliph Ali. At times there have been rival claimant caliphs in different parts of the Islamic world, and divisions between the Shii and Sunni communities. According to Sunni Muslims, the first caliph to be called Amir al Muminin was Abu Bakr, followed by Umar, the second of the Rashidun. Uthman and Ali also were called by the same title, while the Shia consider Ali to have been the only truly legitimate caliph, of these four men. After the first four caliphs, the Caliphate was claimed by the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the Ottoman Empire, and for relatively short periods by other, competing dynasties in al Andalus, North Africa, and Egypt. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atatrk officially abolished the system of Caliphate in Islam the Ottoman Empire as part of his secular reforms and founded the Republic of Turkey in 1. The Kings of Morocco still label themselves with the title Amir al Muminin for the Moroccans, but lay no claim to the Caliphate. Some Muslim countries, including Somalia, Indonesia and Malaysia, were never subject to the authority of a Caliphatecitation needed, with the exception of Aceh, which briefly acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty. Consequently, these countries had their own, local sultans or rulers who did not fully accept the authority of the Caliph.